Primera experiencia con las pruebas de ácidos nucleicos (NAAT) en donantes de sangre en Colombia
Resumen
Introducción: con el advenimiento de las pruebas moleculares de ácidos nucleicos (NAAT) a partir de 1998 para el virus de la hepatitis C (HCV), y posteriormente para el virus de la hepatitis B (HBV) y el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV), se ha incrementado la seguridad relativa de la sangre comparada con las pruebas serológicas, y por tanto se ha reducido el período de ventana inmunológica. Estas pruebas se consideran obligatorias en Estados Unidos y en otros países del mundo. Objetivo: describir la experiencia del montaje de NAAT para HIV, HCV y HBV, detectar las dificultades y aplicar las medidas correctivas necesarias para mejorar la calidad de la sangre en Colombia. Metodología: estudio prospectivo en donantes de sangre de Antioquia para evaluar las pruebas NAAT como método de tamización. Resultados: se estudiaron un total de 4.890 donantes y se realizaron 14.670 pruebas en 208 mezclas de plasmas. La edad promedio de los 4.890 donantes fue de 33 años (SD ±10,93), 2.667 (54,5%) fueron hombres. No se encontraron unidades de sangre positivas por NAAT para HIV, HCV y HBV. Conclusiones: implementar las pruebas de NAAT en nuestro país requiere de alto volumen de muestras para lograr oportunidad, eficiencia y eficacia en el proceso. La corta vida y la urgencia con que se requieren las plaquetas exigen un montaje continuo de pruebas. El montaje necesita personal especializado y capacitado para sortear los diferentes inconvenientes que se presentan y contar con un laboratorio para realizar diagnóstico molecular que cumpla con las normas internacionales.
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