Síndrome de desmielinización osmótica. Presentación de un caso y revisión de tema
Palabras clave:
mielinólisis pontino central, hiponatremia, sodio, manifestaciones neurológicas.
Resumen
El síndrome de desmielinización osmótica es una complicación neurológica poco frecuente. Se ha descrito, principalmente en pacientes que se les realiza correcciones rápidas en sus niveles de sodio sérico, por lo cual, siempre se debe ser cauto a la hora de corregir trastornos hidroelectrolíticos en los pacientes que consultan al servicio de urgencia. Sin embargo, se han reportado casos asociados de desmielinización osmótica sin correcciones de hiponatremias, por lo que se debe tener un bajo umbral diagnóstico para sospecharlo, por las consecuencias neurológicas asociadas y la ausencia de tratamiento efectivo. A continuación presentamos un caso clínico de una paciente que presentó un episodio de desmielinización osmótica extrapontica al parecer sin secuelas. Adicionalmente se hace una revisión completa del tema.
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Referencias bibliográficas
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https://doi.org/10.1159/000175124
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https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7466381
4. Kleinschmidt-Demasters BK, Rojiani AM, Filley CM. Central and extrapontine myelinolysis: then...and now. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006; 65: 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jnen.0000196131.72302.68
5. Tomlinson BE, Pierides AM, Bradley WG. Central pontine myelinolysis. Two cases with associated electrolyte disturbance. Q J Med 1976; 45: 373-386.
6. Ashrafian H, Davey P. A review of the causes of central pontine myelinosis: yet another apoptotic illness? Eur J Neurol 2001; 8: 103-109.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-1331.2001.00176.x
7. Murase T, Sugimura Y, Takefuji S, Oiso Y, Murata Y. Mechanisms and therapy of osmotic demyelination. Am J Med 2006; 119: S69-73.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.05.010
8. Wright DG, Laureno R, Victor M. Pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis. Brain 1979; 102: 361-385.
https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/102.2.361
9. Pirzada NA, Ali, II. Central pontine myelinolysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76: 559-562.
https://doi.org/10.4065/76.5.559
10. Gocht A, Colmant HJ. Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis: a report of 58 cases. Clin Neuropathol 1987; 6: 262-270.
11. Tsutsumi S, Yasumoto Y, Ito M. Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis in an infant associated with the treatment of craniopharyngioma: case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2008; 48: 351-354.
https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.48.351
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https://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181d3cd78
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https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-510X(96)00175-X
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https://doi.org/10.1159/000345225
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https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-199403000-00004
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-009-9241-9
17. Cardenas JF, Bodensteiner JB. Osmotic demyelination syndrome as a consequence of treating hyperammonemia in a patient with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. J Child Neurol 2009; 24: 884-886.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073808331349
18. McComb RD, Pfeiffer RF, Casey JH, Wolcott G, Till DJ. Lateral pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis associated with hypernatremia and hyperglycemia. Clin Neuropathol 1989; 8: 284-288.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2012.05.045
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https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.105608
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https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200005253422107
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https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M701411200
23. Papadopoulos MC, Verkman AS. Aquaporin-4 and brain edema. Pediatr Nephrol 2007; 22: 778-784.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-006-0411-0
24. Suzuki R, Okuda M, Asai J, Nagashima G, Itokawa H, Matsunaga A, et al. Astrocytes co-express aquaporin-1, -4, and vascular endothelial growth factor in brain edema tissue associated with brain contusion. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2006; 96: 398-401.
https://doi.org/10.1007/3-211-30714-1_82
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.05.002
26. Verbalis JG. Hyponatremia: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapy. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1993; 2: 636-652.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00041552-199307000-00015
27. Ayus JC, Armstrong DL, Arieff AI. Effects of hypernatraemia in the central nervous system and its therapy in rats and rabbits. J Physiol 1996; 492 ( Pt 1): 243-255.
https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021305
28. DePasquale M, Patlak CS, Cserr HF. Brain ion and volume regulation during acute hypernatremia in Brattleboro rats. Am J Physiol 1989; 256: F1059-1066.
https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1989.256.6.F1059
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https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI114587
30. Ayus JC, Achinger SG, Arieff A. Brain cell volume regulation in hyponatremia: role of sex, age, vasopressin, and hypoxia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295: F619-624.
https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00502.2007
31. Verbalis JG, Gullans SR. Hyponatremia causes large sustained reductions in brain content of multiple organic osmolytes in rats. Brain Res 1991; 567: 274-282.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(91)90806-7
32. Adler S, Verbalis JG, Williams D. Effect of rapid correction of hyponatremia on the blood-brain barrier of rats. Brain Res 1995; 679: 135-143.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)00245-L
33. Love S. Demyelinating diseases. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59: 1151-1159.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2005.031195
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-003-1095-9
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https://doi.org/10.1097/00019052-200012000-00014
36. Lien YH. Role of organic osmolytes in myelinolysis. A topographic study in rats after rapid correction of hyponatremia. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 1579-1586.
https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI117831
37. Sterns RH, Silver SM. Brain volume regulation in response to hypo-osmolality and its correction. Am J Med 2006; 119: S12-16.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.05.003
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https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(94)90166-X
39. Riggs JE, Hogg JP. Central pontine myelinolysis: association with parenteral magnesium administration. Mil Med 2000; 165: 494-495.
https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/165.6.494
40. Soupart A, Silver S, Schrooeder B, Sterns R, Decaux G. Rapid (24-hour) reaccumulation of brain organic osmolytes (particularly myo-inositol) in azotemic rats after correction of chronic hyponatremia. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13: 1433-1441.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000017903.77985.CD
41. Huang WY, Weng WC, Peng TI, Ro LS, Yang CW, Chen KH. Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis after rapid correction of hyponatremia by hemodialysis in a uremic patient. Ren Fail 2007; 29: 635-638.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08860220701392314
42. McKee AC, Winkelman MD, Banker BQ. Central pontine myelinolysis in severely burned patients: relationship to serum hyperosmolality. Neurology 1988; 38: 1211-1217.
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.38.8.1211
43. Grech R, Galvin L, Brennan P, Thornton J. Central pontine myelinolysis. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2013-008920
44. de Souza A. Movement disorders and the osmotic demyelination syndrome. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19: 709-716.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.04.005
45. Martin RJ. Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis: the osmotic demyelination syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75 Suppl 3: iii22-28.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2004.045906
46. Menger H, Jorg J. Outcome of central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis (n = 44). J Neurol 1999; 246: 700-705.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s004150050435
47. Messert B, Orrison WW, Hawkins MJ, Quaglieri CE. Central pontine myelinolysis. Considerations on etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Neurology 1979; 29: 147-160.
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.29.2.147
48. Miller GM, Baker HL, Jr., Okazaki H, Whisnant JP. Central pontine myelinolysis and its imitators: MR findings. Radiology 1988; 168: 795-802.
https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.168.3.3406409
49. Martin PJ, Young CA. Central pontine myelinolysis: clinical and MRI correlates. Postgrad Med J 1995; 71: 430-432.
https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.71.837.430
50. Yuh WT, Simonson TM, D'Alessandro MP, Smith KS, Hunsicker LG. Temporal changes of MR findings in central pontine myelinolysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995; 16: 975-977.
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https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.100712
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https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurpsyc.1959.02340140020004
2. Pearce JM. Central pontine myelinolysis. Eur Neurol 2009; 61: 59-62.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000175124
3. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Norenberg MD. Rapid correction of hyponatremia causes demyelination: relation to central pontine myelinolysis. Science 1981; 211: 1068-1070.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7466381
4. Kleinschmidt-Demasters BK, Rojiani AM, Filley CM. Central and extrapontine myelinolysis: then...and now. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006; 65: 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jnen.0000196131.72302.68
5. Tomlinson BE, Pierides AM, Bradley WG. Central pontine myelinolysis. Two cases with associated electrolyte disturbance. Q J Med 1976; 45: 373-386.
6. Ashrafian H, Davey P. A review of the causes of central pontine myelinosis: yet another apoptotic illness? Eur J Neurol 2001; 8: 103-109.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-1331.2001.00176.x
7. Murase T, Sugimura Y, Takefuji S, Oiso Y, Murata Y. Mechanisms and therapy of osmotic demyelination. Am J Med 2006; 119: S69-73.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.05.010
8. Wright DG, Laureno R, Victor M. Pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis. Brain 1979; 102: 361-385.
https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/102.2.361
9. Pirzada NA, Ali, II. Central pontine myelinolysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76: 559-562.
https://doi.org/10.4065/76.5.559
10. Gocht A, Colmant HJ. Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis: a report of 58 cases. Clin Neuropathol 1987; 6: 262-270.
11. Tsutsumi S, Yasumoto Y, Ito M. Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis in an infant associated with the treatment of craniopharyngioma: case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2008; 48: 351-354.
https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.48.351
12. King JD, Rosner MH. Osmotic demyelination syndrome. Am J Med Sci 2010; 339: 561-567.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181d3cd78
13. Newell KL, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Central pontine myelinolysis at autopsy; a twelve year retrospective analysis. J Neurol Sci 1996; 142: 134-139.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-510X(96)00175-X
14. Shah SO, Wang A, Mudambi L, Ghuznavi N, Fekete R. Asymptomatic central pontine myelinolysis: a case report. Case Rep Neurol 2012; 4: 167-172.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000345225
15. Singh N, Yu VL, Gayowski T. Central nervous system lesions in adult liver transplant recipients: clinical review with implications for management. Medicine (Baltimore) 1994; 73: 110-118.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-199403000-00004
16. Burns JD, Kosa SC, Wijdicks EF. Central pontine myelinolysis in a patient with hyperosmolar hyperglycemia and consistently normal serum sodium. Neurocrit Care 2009; 11: 251-254.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-009-9241-9
17. Cardenas JF, Bodensteiner JB. Osmotic demyelination syndrome as a consequence of treating hyperammonemia in a patient with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. J Child Neurol 2009; 24: 884-886.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073808331349
18. McComb RD, Pfeiffer RF, Casey JH, Wolcott G, Till DJ. Lateral pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis associated with hypernatremia and hyperglycemia. Clin Neuropathol 1989; 8: 284-288.
19. Guerrero WR, Dababneh H, Nadeau SE. Hemiparesis, encephalopathy, and extrapontine osmotic myelinolysis in the setting of hyperosmolar hyperglycemia. J Clin Neurosci 2013; 20: 894-896.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2012.05.045
20. Sutamnartpong P, Muengtaweepongsa S, Kulkantrakorn K. Wernicke's encephalopathy and central pontine myelinolysis in hyperemesis gravidarum. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2013; 4: 39-41.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.105608
21. Adrogue HJ, Madias NE. Hyponatremia. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1581-1589.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200005253422107
22. Kim JG, Son YJ, Yun CH, Kim YI, Nam-Goong IS, Park JH, et al. Thyroid transcription factor-1 facilitates cerebrospinal fluid formation by regulating aquaporin-1 synthesis in the brain. J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 14923-14931.
https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M701411200
23. Papadopoulos MC, Verkman AS. Aquaporin-4 and brain edema. Pediatr Nephrol 2007; 22: 778-784.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-006-0411-0
24. Suzuki R, Okuda M, Asai J, Nagashima G, Itokawa H, Matsunaga A, et al. Astrocytes co-express aquaporin-1, -4, and vascular endothelial growth factor in brain edema tissue associated with brain contusion. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2006; 96: 398-401.
https://doi.org/10.1007/3-211-30714-1_82
25. Pasantes-Morales H, Lezama RA, Ramos-Mandujano G, Tuz KL. Mechanisms of cell volume regulation in hypo-osmolality. Am J Med 2006; 119: S4-11.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.05.002
26. Verbalis JG. Hyponatremia: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapy. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1993; 2: 636-652.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00041552-199307000-00015
27. Ayus JC, Armstrong DL, Arieff AI. Effects of hypernatraemia in the central nervous system and its therapy in rats and rabbits. J Physiol 1996; 492 ( Pt 1): 243-255.
https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021305
28. DePasquale M, Patlak CS, Cserr HF. Brain ion and volume regulation during acute hypernatremia in Brattleboro rats. Am J Physiol 1989; 256: F1059-1066.
https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1989.256.6.F1059
29. Lien YH, Shapiro JI, Chan L. Effects of hypernatremia on organic brain osmoles. J Clin Invest 1990; 85: 1427-1435.
https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI114587
30. Ayus JC, Achinger SG, Arieff A. Brain cell volume regulation in hyponatremia: role of sex, age, vasopressin, and hypoxia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295: F619-624.
https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00502.2007
31. Verbalis JG, Gullans SR. Hyponatremia causes large sustained reductions in brain content of multiple organic osmolytes in rats. Brain Res 1991; 567: 274-282.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(91)90806-7
32. Adler S, Verbalis JG, Williams D. Effect of rapid correction of hyponatremia on the blood-brain barrier of rats. Brain Res 1995; 679: 135-143.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)00245-L
33. Love S. Demyelinating diseases. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59: 1151-1159.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2005.031195
34. Uchino A, Yuzuriha T, Murakami M, Endoh K, Hiejima S, Koga H, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of sequelae of central pontine myelinolysis in chronic alcohol abusers. Neuroradiology 2003; 45: 877-880.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-003-1095-9
35. Brown WD. Osmotic demyelination disorders: central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis. Curr Opin Neurol 2000; 13: 691-697.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00019052-200012000-00014
36. Lien YH. Role of organic osmolytes in myelinolysis. A topographic study in rats after rapid correction of hyponatremia. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 1579-1586.
https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI117831
37. Sterns RH, Silver SM. Brain volume regulation in response to hypo-osmolality and its correction. Am J Med 2006; 119: S12-16.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.05.003
38. Lohr JW. Osmotic demyelination syndrome following correction of hyponatremia: association with hypokalemia. Am J Med 1994; 96: 408-413.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(94)90166-X
39. Riggs JE, Hogg JP. Central pontine myelinolysis: association with parenteral magnesium administration. Mil Med 2000; 165: 494-495.
https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/165.6.494
40. Soupart A, Silver S, Schrooeder B, Sterns R, Decaux G. Rapid (24-hour) reaccumulation of brain organic osmolytes (particularly myo-inositol) in azotemic rats after correction of chronic hyponatremia. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13: 1433-1441.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000017903.77985.CD
41. Huang WY, Weng WC, Peng TI, Ro LS, Yang CW, Chen KH. Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis after rapid correction of hyponatremia by hemodialysis in a uremic patient. Ren Fail 2007; 29: 635-638.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08860220701392314
42. McKee AC, Winkelman MD, Banker BQ. Central pontine myelinolysis in severely burned patients: relationship to serum hyperosmolality. Neurology 1988; 38: 1211-1217.
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.38.8.1211
43. Grech R, Galvin L, Brennan P, Thornton J. Central pontine myelinolysis. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2013-008920
44. de Souza A. Movement disorders and the osmotic demyelination syndrome. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19: 709-716.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.04.005
45. Martin RJ. Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis: the osmotic demyelination syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75 Suppl 3: iii22-28.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2004.045906
46. Menger H, Jorg J. Outcome of central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis (n = 44). J Neurol 1999; 246: 700-705.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s004150050435
47. Messert B, Orrison WW, Hawkins MJ, Quaglieri CE. Central pontine myelinolysis. Considerations on etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Neurology 1979; 29: 147-160.
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.29.2.147
48. Miller GM, Baker HL, Jr., Okazaki H, Whisnant JP. Central pontine myelinolysis and its imitators: MR findings. Radiology 1988; 168: 795-802.
https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.168.3.3406409
49. Martin PJ, Young CA. Central pontine myelinolysis: clinical and MRI correlates. Postgrad Med J 1995; 71: 430-432.
https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.71.837.430
50. Yuh WT, Simonson TM, D'Alessandro MP, Smith KS, Hunsicker LG. Temporal changes of MR findings in central pontine myelinolysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995; 16: 975-977.
51. Nair SR, Ramli NM, Rahmat K, Mei-Ling ST. Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis: Diffusion weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging on follow-up. Neurol India 2012; 60: 426-428.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.100712
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Cómo citar
1.
Núñez Cabarcas EE, Ramírez Rincón A, Moreno Gómez L. Síndrome de desmielinización osmótica. Presentación de un caso y revisión de tema. Med. Lab. [Internet]. 1 de noviembre de 2013 [citado 29 de enero de 2023];19(11-12):577-90. Disponible en: https://medicinaylaboratorio.com/index.php/myl/article/view/254
